Person Lower; Richard (1631 - 1691); physician and physiologist Lower Richard physician and physiologist 1631 - 1691 British Male Tremeer, near Bodmin, Cornwall, England, Europe 1631 King Street, London, England, Europe 17 January 1691 16910117 Baptism: St Tudy's, Cornwall, England, Europe (29 January 1632) Burial: St Tudy's, Cornwall, England, Europe (3 February 1691)

Hatton Garden, London (1666); King Street, Covent Garden, London

Physician Medicine Physiology Education: Westminster School; Christ Church, Oxford (BA 1653; MA 1655; MB; MD 1665) Career: Studied Chemistry with Peter Stahl in Oxford and assisted Thomas Willis (FRS 1663) in his anatomical researches on the nervous system (1655-1665); practised in London; performed experimental blood transfusions on dogs and, eventually, on a man Parents: Humphrey Lower and Margery Billing Married: Elizabeth Trelawny (née Billing) Whilst at Oxford, Lower was part of a circle of fellow natural philosophers and physicians, such as Thomas Willis (FRS 1663), Robert Boyle (FRS 1663) and Christopher Wren (FRS 1660). From here, Lower became a highly respected physiologist and anatomist. His good reputation as a medical practitioner afforded him royal appointments as well, although he did not continue as royal physician under James II due to the latter's catholicism. One of Lower's most important works is his 'Tractatus de code' on his physiological research, in particuar into blood transfusion. Published the results of blood transfusion experiments in the 'Philosophical Transactions' (1660s) Ejected for 'not performing their obligation to the Society' 18 November 1675 Fellow 17/10/1667 Seth Ward 18 November 1675 Sources: Bulloch's Roll; DNB; DSB; Foster; Hunter; ODNB References: Da Costa Andrade, E N. 1965. 'The Birth and Early Days of the Philosophical Transactions', in Notes and Records, vol. 20, pp. 9-27 Hall, A R and Hall, M B. 1968. 'The Intellectual Origins of the Royal Society - London and Oxford', in Notes and Records, vol. 23, pp. 157-168 Symonds, Sir C. 1960. 'Thomas Willis, FRS (1621-1675)', in Notes and Records, vol. 15, pp. 91-97 Underwood, T L. 1976-7. 'Quakers and the Royal Society of London in the Seventeenth Century', in Notes and Records, vol. 31, pp. 133-150 Notes: DNB says he left the Society in 1678 (cf Birch, vol 3, pp 224 and 231). International Standard Archival Authority Record for Corporate Bodies, Persons and Families - ISAAR(CPF) - Ottawa 1996 ISBN 0-9696035-3-3 National Council on Archives, Rules for the Construction of Personal, Place and Corporate Names, 1997 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorRaw=Lower%2C+Richard RCN: 51195 RCN: 51196 RCN: 19630 1631 - 17 Jan 1691 The past Fellows entries are under continuous revision. If you have queries or additional information to contribute, please contact Library@royalsociety.org. Content in external sources is not controlled by the Royal Society and historical sources may include content that is now unacceptable. Reviewed on 01/06/2022 as part of the Name Authority Project update. NA6102 21/11/2001 Andyg Pmab 14/01/2026 RS_NET\VidaM Yes http://viaf.org/viaf/30474615 af752d2d-1711-4398-b011-c16d9f3c5d9f