| Citation | Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Sheffield. Author of important investigations and discoveries in Metallurgy, chiefly in connection with Iron and Steel, as indicated in the following: - 'The Influence of Chemical Composition on Steel Tyres' (Inst CE 1886, Telford Premium). 'The Influence of Elements on Iron.' - Disproof of Mechanical Influence of Atomic Volumes. Microconstituents, FeS and MnS, discovered (Iron and Steel Inst, 1894). 'The Chemical Relations of Iron and Carbon.' - Existence of Abel and Muller's Carbide confirmed (Joint Paper, Chemical Society, 1894). Author of Text Book, 'Steel Works Analysis' (1894, 1899); joint author, 1907, 'The Influence of Carbon on Iron.' - Micro-thermal Saturation Point of Steel discovered, and Quantitative Composition of Sorby's Pearly Constitutent determined (Inst CE Telford Medal and Premium); 'The Influence of Impurities on Gold and Copper.' - First Micrographic Investigation of Gold Alloys. Discovery of brittle Intercrystalline Eutectic Cements (joint paper, 1896); 'The Micro-Chemistry of Cementation' - two phases of Carbon Interpenetration discovered (Iron and Steel Inst, 1898); 'Discovery of the Cause of Decay of Certain Metals used in Marine Construction, 1898 (published by committee of Lloyd's Register in Architecture of Metals' (Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, Scotland, 1899, Watt Premium); 'The Diffusion of Elements in Iron.' - Elements of Steel divided into fixed migratory groups at 1 000 degrees C (Joint Paper, 1899). Discovery of the value of Vanadium in the manufacture of Tool Steel, 1899-1902, not widely published but copy-righted at Stationer's Hall. 'Micro-structure of Hardened Steel' (joint paper, 1902); 'Influence of Sulphur and Manganese on Steel' (joint paper, 1903); 'On the Dangerous Crystallization of Steel,' a new method for rapidly determining vibratory brittleness (Congress, Inst CE, 1903); Discovery in Structural Steel of Areas of good, bad and indifferent quality, lying closely together, and of identical chemical composition and micro-structure (Inst Naval Architects, 1904); Discovery in Wrought Iron of perfect Mineral Cleavage parallel to the faces of the Cube (Engineering, 1904); 'The Thermal Transformations of Carbon Steels' (Joint Paper, 1905). Awarded Bessemer Gold Medal, 1905. Discovery of a method for making pure Iron and Manganese Ingots for research purposes (joint paper, 1906); 'Factors of Safety in Marine Engineering' - discovery that over-annealing lowers the elasticity of Steel almost to zero, and that the Wohler fatigue test is often unreliable (Inst of Naval Architects, 1908); 'The Chemical and Mechanical Relations of Iron, Carbon and Manganese' - discovery that the Carbon in Manganese Steels containing 1 to 20 per cent of the metal exists throughout the range as a double Carbide of Iron and Manganese (joint paper, 1910); 'Discovery of a Fourth Recalescence in Steel' (British Association, 1910); 'Discovery of Two Double Carbides of Iron and Chromium in Chrome Steels' (for May Meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, 1911, joint paper). |