| Citation | Distinguished for his numerous and detailed experiments on human memory. He has separated various forms of short-term or 'working' memory from each other, and demonstrated their differential effects on other simultaneous tasks. He has established that differences exist between memories encoded in articulatory form ('internal speech') and those encoded for meaning, that irrelevant heard speech may impair visual memory, that reasoning may continue despite disruption of internal speech and a variety of other phenomena consistent with his theoretical structure of partially independent working memories. His techniques show differential effects of various environmental and neurological conditions, and are now widely used for that purpose. |